| Syria | Northern Mesopotamia | Southern Mesopotamia |
|---|
| c. 3500–2350 BCE | Martu | Subartu | Sumerian city-states |
|---|
| c. 2350–2200 BCE | Akkadian Empire |
|---|
| c. 2200–2100 BCE | Gutians |
|---|
| c. 2100–2000 BCE | Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance) |
|---|
| c. 2000–1800 BCE | Mari and other Amorite city-states | Old Assyrian Empire (Northern Akkadians) | Isin/Larsa and other Amorite city-states |
|---|
| c. 1800–1600 BCE | Old Hittite Kingdom | Old Babylonian Empire (Southern Akkadians) |
|---|
| c. 1600–1400 BCE | Mitanni (Hurrians) | Karduniaš (Kassites) |
|---|
| c. 1400–1200 BCE | New Hittite Kingdom | | Middle Assyrian Empire |
|---|
| c. 1200–1150 BCE | Bronze Age collapse ("Sea Peoples") | Arameans |
|---|
| c. 1150–911 BCE | Phoenicia | Syro-Hittite states | Aram-
Damascus | Arameans | Middle Babylonia (Isin II) | Chal
de-
ans |
|---|
| 911–729 BCE | Neo-Assyrian Empire |
|---|
| 729–609 BCE | | |
|---|
| 626–539 BCE | Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldeans) |
|---|
| 539–331 BCE | Achaemenid Empire (Persians) |
|---|
| 336–301 BCE | Macedonian Empire (Ancient Greeks and Macedonians) |
|---|
| 311–129 BCE | Seleucid Empire |
|---|
| 129–63 BCE | Seleucid Empire | Parthian Empire |
|---|
| 63 BCE–243 CE | Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire (Syria) |
|---|
| 243–636 CE | Sasanian Empire |
|---|
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